An Annotated Bibliography of the
Rock Rattlesnake
(Crotalus lepidus Kennicott)
Rock Rattlesnake
(Crotalus lepidus Kennicott)
Compiled by Tom Lott [TEL] - Last updated: 18 January 2016.
[These bibliographies and their annotations are an on-going project. I have many comments on papers that I have not yet posted but I will attempt to attend to this task as time allows. Comments proffered in the annotations are strictly my own opinions and should be taken as such. If you wish to comment or supply additional references that I have overlooked, you may contact me via E-mail. To correspond with me, send email to: tomlott [at]thornscrub[dot]com. Thanks for reading, Tom Lott]
Anon. 1978. Species listings for nongame regulations. Tex. Parks Wildl. Dept. Broch. 9000-52: 1-22.
Anon. 1981. Mottled rock rattlesnake: A camouflage artist. Chihuahuan Desert Disc. 9:7.
Axtell, R. W. 1959b. Amphibians and reptiles of the Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, Brewster County, Texas. Southwest. Nat. 4(2): 88-109. ["Two (♂,♀) rock rattlesnakes were collected, both from basalt rubble habitats. Several others were seen in the same habitat, but they escaped capture by crawling into crevices. Although the group worked extensively in limestone areas, no lepidus were encountered.
"This snake displayed color adaptation tendencies for the igneous rock habitat. Both specimens had a vivid pinkish-red hue, with excessive amounts of dark mottling between the regular dark bands.
"This snake displayed color adaptation tendencies for the igneous rock habitat. Both specimens had a vivid pinkish-red hue, with excessive amounts of dark mottling between the regular dark bands.
"One captive ate a large Cnemidophorus tigris and a Holbrookia texana that were placed in the collecting bag with it."
Axtell's group consisted of 14 graduate students in geology and zoology who spent five weeks in June and July of 1951 at Black Gap. This was during the notorious drought of 1950-1956, perhaps explaining their failure to encounter some of the species now known to inhabit the area. - TEL]
________. 1977(1978). Ancient playas and their influence on the recent herpetofauna of the northern Chihuahuan desert. In Transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the Chihuahuan desert region, United States and Mexico. Eds. R.W. Wauer and D.H. Riskind, Ser. 3: 493-512. Alpine, Tex.: National Park Service.
Bailey, V. 1905. Biological survey of Texas. North Am. Fauna 25: 1-222.
Baker, R.J., Mengden, G.A., and J.J. Bull. 1972. Karyotypic studies off thirty-eight species of North American snakes. Copeia 1972(2): 257-265.
Barker, D.G. 1992. Variation, infraspecific relationships and biogeography of the ridgenose rattlesnake, Crotalus willardi. In Biology of the pitvipers, ed. J.A. Campbell and E.D. Brodie, Jr., 89-105. Tyler, Tex.: Selva.
Bartlett, R.D. 1971. The pit vipers of the United States. Bull. Chi. Herpetol. Soc. 6(2): 29-39.
Beaman, K.R. & Hayes, W.K. 2008. Rattlesnakes: Research Trends and Annotated Checklist. In: Hayes et al. (eds), The biology of rattlesnakes. Loma Linda University Press, pp. 5-16
Beaupre, S.J. 1993. An ecological study of oxygen consumption in the mottled rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus lepidus and the black-tailed rattlesnake, Crotalus molossus molossus, from two populations. Physiol. Ecol. 66(3): 437-454.
_______. 1995a. Effects of geographically variable thermal environment on bioenergetics of mottled rock rattlesnakes. Ecology 76(5): 1655-1665.
_______. 1995b. Comparative ecology of the mottled rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus, in Big Bend National Park. Herpetologica 51(1): 45-56.
_______ . 1996. Field metabolic rate, water flux, and energy budgets of mottled rock rattlesnakes, Crotalus lepidus, from two populations. Copeia 1996(2): 319-329.
Blair, W.F. 1949. The biotic provinces of Texas. Texas J. Sci. 2(1):93-117.
Bogert, C.M. and W.G. Degenhardt. 1961. An Addition to the Fauna of the United States, the Chihuahua Ridge-nosed Rattlesnake in New Mexico. Am. Mus. Novit. 2064: 1-15. [Referring to C. l. klauberi in the Animas Mountains, Hidalgo Co.: "Another small rattler, Crotalus lepidus klauberi, is largely restricted to the mountains, though it is seldom encountered. Zeller obtained but two specimens, one in Bear Canyon, at 5650 feet, east of Animas Peak, and one at a similar elevation in Indian Creek where the junior author obtained a specimen at 5900 feet. It is improbable, nevertheless, that C. 1. klauberi, primarily an inhabitant of rocky areas, occurs in the wooded habitat occupied by C. w. silus {= C. w. obscurus}." - TEL]
Borja, Miguel; David Lazcano, Gerardo Martínez-Romero, Jesús Morlett, Elda Sánchez, Ana C. Cepeda-Ni 2013. Intra-specific Variation in the Protein Composition and Proteolytic Activity of Venom of Crotalus lepidus morulus from the Northeast of Mexico. Copeia 2013(4): 707-716.
Boulenger, E.G. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, vol. 3. London: Taylor and Francis.
Boundy, J. 1995. Maximum lengths of North American Snakes. Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 29(6): 109-122.
[Cites the maximum length of the nominate subspecies as 775 mm (30.5 in., fide Tennant 1984, from Val Verde Co., Texas) and that of C. l. klauberi as 828 mm (32.6 in., fide Klauber 1952, from Santa Barbara, Chihuahua) - TEL]
Brown, A.E. 1901a. A review of the genera and species of American snakes north of Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 53:10-110.
Brown, B. C. 1950. An annotated check list of the reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Waco: Baylor University Studies.
Bryson, R.W. and Lazcano, D. 2005. Gerrhonotus parvus. Reptilia (GB) (39): 69-72 [PDF]
Bryson, R.W., Jr.; Murphy, R.W., Lathrop, A. and D. Lazcano-Villareal 2011. Evolutionary drivers of phylogeographical diversity in the highlands of Mexico: a case study of the Crotalus triseriatus species group of montane rattlesnakes. Journal of Biogeography 38: 697–710
Campbell, J.A. and W.W. Lamar. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Campbell, J.A. and W.W. Lamar. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Chaney, A.H. and R.E. Gordon. 1954. Notes on a population of Sceloporus merriami merriami Stejneger. Tex. J. Sci. 6(1): 78-82.
Conant, R. 1955. Notes on three Texas reptiles, including an addition to the fauna of the state. Am. Mus. Novit. 1726: 1-6. [Provided corroboration for the presence of this species on the Edwards Plateau (10 mi. SW Leakey, Real Co.) first noted in Gloyd (1940). Quotes extensively from a communication from Theo Telotte, a rancher in the area: "We find these snakes at an altitude of between 2500' and 2750'. The terrain is very rough, rocky, hill country with some needle grass, mountain laurels, and scrub black walnut, oak, and cedar trees.
"They are usually found out in the open during the cool early morning hours, and in the shade up until 9:30 or 10:00 A.M. They then usually crawl under rocks, in caves, or under logs or debris during the heat of the day and remain there until the cool of the evening. They will then crawl out and rest upon the tops of logs, stumps, or rocks. They are hard to see with inexperienced eyes, as they blend in perfectly with the surrounding terrain. Usually where you find one, you find another one close by somewhere. I brought in four more from my ranch this week and about fifteen this summer.
"They are usually found out in the open during the cool early morning hours, and in the shade up until 9:30 or 10:00 A.M. They then usually crawl under rocks, in caves, or under logs or debris during the heat of the day and remain there until the cool of the evening. They will then crawl out and rest upon the tops of logs, stumps, or rocks. They are hard to see with inexperienced eyes, as they blend in perfectly with the surrounding terrain. Usually where you find one, you find another one close by somewhere. I brought in four more from my ranch this week and about fifteen this summer.
"I captured two on Sunday, July 11, about 25' apart. One was resting on a tree stump about 4 1/2' above the ground. He had to crawl at an angle of about 45° to get there. The other was lying peacefully on the edge of a concrete stock watering trough about 2' above the ground. These can be found any time of the day by turning over large rocks or looking under logs or debris, but they are more easily caught at night, early morning, or evening when they are in the open. They are slow movers and easily captured after being located.
"We find their colors vary considerably. This year we have caught one with a pinkish tint, one a light green, one a light grey, and one darker greyish-black. We also notice a great variation in the black markings, as some are considerably darker than others. We captured one that was injured and died. Upon opening it, we found its stomach to contain a lizard, a large grasshopper, and a few smaller caterpillar-type bugs. We know they also eat small rodents such as field mice, small gophers, and almost anything that is not too big for them to handle." - TEL]
_______ . 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of the United States and Canada east of the 100th meridian. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
_______ . 1975. A field guide to the reptiles and amphibians: Eastern and central North America. 2nd edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
_______ . and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to the reptiles and amphibians: Eastern and central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
_______ . and ______. 1998. A field guide to the reptiles and amphibians: Eastern and central North America. 3rd edition (expanded) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Contreras-Lozano, J.A., Lazcano, D., Contreras-Balderas, A.J. and P.A. Laví n-Murcio. 2010. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 14: An Update to the Herpetofauna of Cerro El Potosí, Galeana, Nuevo León, México. Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 45(3): 41-46. [Deletes this species from the fauna of this locality (strictly defined) as was erroneously reported in a prior publication (Anon. 2000). - TEL]
Cope, E. D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North America. Annu. Rept. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 155-1294.
Crimmins, M.L. 1927a. Notes on Texas rattlesnakes. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Am. 1(1): 23-24.
_______ . 1927b. Facts about Texas snakes and their poison. Tex. State. J. Med. 23(3): 198-203.
_______ . 1946. The treatment of poisonous snake bites in Texas. Proc. Trans. Tex. Acad. Sci. 24: 54-61.
Crouse, H.W. 1902. The venomous snakes and spiders of Texas. Trans. State Med. Assoc. (unpaginated reprint).
Degenhardt, W.G. and W.W. Milstead. 1959. Notes on a second specimen of the snake Tantilla cucullata Minton. Herpetologica 15(3): 158-159. [Merely states that C. l. lepidus was among the species that were frequently observed by the senior author during his fieldwork in the pinyon-juniper-oak association of Green Gulch, Chisos Mountains, BBNP, Texas, the same vegetational association in which a single specimen of Tantilla cucullata was collected by the junior author on 1 August 1957 - TEL]
Degenhardt, W.G., Painter, C.W. and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp.
Dickerson, R.W. and C.W. Painter. 2001. Natural history notes: Crotalus lepidus lepidus. Diet. Herpetol. Rev. 32:46 [An adult female (TTL=556mm) DOR specimen collected in the Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County, contained a partially digested Phrynosoma hernandezi (100mm S-V) - TEL]
Dixon, J.R. 1956. The mottled rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus lepidus, in Edwards County, Texas. Copeia 1956(2): 126-127.
Dixon, J. R. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas. W. L. Moody, Jr., Nat. Hist. Ser. 8. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
_______ . 1993. Supplement to the literature for the Amphibians and reptiles of Texas. 1987. Smithson. Herpetol. Info. Serv. 94: 1-43.
_______ . 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas. 2nd Ed. W. L. Moody, Jr., Nat. Hist. Ser. 25. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
_______ . 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas. 3rd Ed. W. L. Moody, Jr., Nat. Hist. Ser. 25. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. [Contains 110 literature citations for this species. Retains questionable Maverick County record in range map and designates Hudspeth County records as klauberi. - TEL]
_______ . and J.E. Werler. 2005. Texas Snakes: A Field Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press.
do Amaral, A. 1927. The anti-snake bite campaign in Texas and in the subtropical United States. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Am. 1(3): 77-85.
_______ . 1929. Key to the rattlesnakes of the genus Crotalus Linne, 1758. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Am. 3(1): 4-6.
Dorcas, M.E. 1992. Relationships among montane populations of Crotalus lepidus and Crotalus triseriatus. In Biology of the pitvipers, ed. J.A. Campbell and E.D. Brodie, Jr., 71-87. Tyler, Tex.: Selva. ["In this study fifty different characters were examined including those of lepidosis, color pattern, body proportions, hemipenes, and the skeleton. Twenty-seven of these characters were subsequently found to be informative and analyzed cladistically. Several phylogenies were produced in which Crotalus triseriatus aquilus and Crotalus lepidus consistently formed a monophyletic group differing from Crotalus triseriatus by several derived characters. I propose that Crotalus aquilus Klauber, therefore, be assigned full species status." from abstract - TEL] [PDF]
Falck, E.G. 1940. Food of an eastern rock rattlesnake in captivity. Copeia 1940(4): 135.
Farallo, Vincent R. 2009. Predation and the Evolution of Color Polymorphism in the Mottled Rock Rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus lepidus). MS thesis, Texas State Univ. [PDF]
Farallo, V.R. and M.R.J. Forstner. 2012. Predation and the Maintenance of Color Polymorphism in a Habitat Specialist Squamate. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030316 ["Our results showed that models contrasting with substrate coloration suffered significantly more avian attacks relative to models mimicking substrates. Predation attempts on blotched models were similar in each substrate type. These results support the hypothesis that color pattern is maintained by selective predation." - TEL] [PDF]
Foote, R. and J.A. MacMahon. 1977. Electrophoretic studies of rattlesnake (Crotalus and Sistrurus) venom: Taxonomic implications. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 57B(3): 235-241.
Forstner, M.R.J., Hilsenbeck, R.A. and J.F. Scudday. 1997. Geographic variation in whole venom profiles from the mottled rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus lepidus) in Texas. J. Herpetol. 37(2): 277-287.
Garman, S.W. 1883 (1884). The reptiles and batrachians of North America. I. Ophidia. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 8(3): 1-185.
Gloyd, H.K. 1936. The subspecies of Crotalus lepidus. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 337: 1-5.
_______ . 1940. The rattlesnakes, genera Sistrurus and Crotalus. Spec. Publ. Chi. Acad. Sci. 4: 1-270.
Gloyd, H.K. and H.M. Smith. 1942. Amphibians and reptiles from the Carmen Mountains, Coahuila. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 6 (13): 231-235
_______ . 1944. Texas snakes. Tex. Geogr. 8: 1-18.
Golay, P., Smith, H.M., Broadley, D.G., Dixon, J.R., McCarthy, C., Rage, J.C., Schatti, B., and M. Toriba. 1993. Endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world. Cairo, Egypt: Azemiops, S.A.
Goldberg, S.R. 2000. Reproduction in the Rock Rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus (Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetological Natural History 7(1):83-86
Harris, H.S. and R.S. Simmons. 1978. A preliminary account of the rattlesnakes with the description of four new subspecies. Bull. Md. Herpetol. Soc. 14(3): 105-211.
Holte, A.E. and M.A. Hauck. 2000. Juvenile greater roadrunner (Cuculidae) killed by choking on a Texas horned lizard (Phrynosomatidae). Southwest. Nat. 45:74-76.
Holycross, A.T., C.W. Painter, D.E. Prival, D.E. Swann, M.J. Schroff, T. Edwards, and C.R. Schwalbe. 2002. Diet of Crotalus lepidus klauberi (banded rock rattlesnake). J. Herpetol. 36:589-597.
[REF: klauberi: "ABSTRACT.—We describe the diet of Crotalus lepidus klauberi (Banded Rock Rattlesnake) using samples collected in the field and from museum specimens, as well as several records from unpublished reports. Most records (approximately 91%) were from the northern Sierra Madrean Archipelago. Diet consisted of 55.4% lizards, 28.3% scolopendromorph centipedes, 13.8% mammals, 1.9% birds, and 0.6% snakes. Sceloporus spp. comprised 92.4% of lizards. Extrapolation suggests that Sceloporus jarrovii represents 82.3% of lizard records. Diet was independent of geographic distribution (mountain range), sex, source of sample (stomach vs. intestine/feces), and age class. However, predator snout–vent length differed significantly among prey types; snakes that ate birds were longest, followed in turn by those that ate mammals, lizards, and centipedes. Collection date also differed significantly among prey classes; the mean date for centipede records was later than the mean date for squamate, bird, or mammal records. We found no difference in the elevation of collection sites among prey classes. - TEL]
Huang, T.T., Lewis, S.R., and B.S. Lucas III. 1975. Venomous snakes. In Dangerous plants, Snakes, arthropods, and marine life in Texas. 123-142. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Jameson, D.L. and A.G. Flury. 1949. Reptiles and amphibians of the Sierra Vieja. Tex. J. Sci. 1(2): 54-79.
Jester, S.L., Adams, C.E., and J.K. Thomas. 1990. Commercial trade in Texas nongame wildlife. College Station: Texas Agricultural Experimental Station.
Kauffeld, C.F. 1960. The search for subocularis. Bull. Phila. Herpetol. Soc. 8(2): 13-19.
Kennicott, R. 1861. On three new forms of rattlesnakes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 13: 206-208. [The original description, based upon two heads (only), one from Presidio del Norte and one from Eagle Pass, Texas. The type locality was subsequently restricted to Presidio by ___, but the likely inaccurately labeled Eagle Pass specimen apparently remains the sole basis for including Maverick County within the range of this species - TEL]
[PDF] (consists of entire volume)
Klauber, L.M. 1952. Taxonomic studies of the rattlesnakes of mainland Mexico. Bull. San Diego Zool. Soc. 26: 1-143.
_______ . 1956. Rattlesnakes, their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.
_______. 1972. Rattlesnakes, their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. 2 vols. Second edition. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lazcano, D., Contreras-Lozano, J.A., Gallardo-Valdez, J., García del Peña, C. and G. Castañeda. 2009. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 11: Herpetological Diversity in Sierra “Cerro de La Silla” (Saddleback Mountain), Nuevo León, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 44(2): 21-27. [Present in the "Cerro de la Silla" natural protected area of Nuevo Leon, Mexico at elevations up to 2835 m. - TEL]
________., A. Kardon, R. J. Muscher and J. A. Contreras-Lozano. 2011. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 16: Captive Husbandry–Propagation of the Exiled Mexican Garter Snake, Thamnophis exsul Rossman, 1969. Bull. Chi. Herpetol. Soc. 46(2):13-14. [Provides a list of species sympatric with Thamnophis exsul in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, including: "Galeana false brook salamander, Pseudoeurycea galeanae; primeval flatfooted salamander, Chiropterotriton priscus; spotted chirping frog, Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) guttilatus; graphic spiny lizard, Sceloporus grammicus; minor lizard, Sceloporus minor; blue-bellied lizard, Sceloporus parvus; torquate lizard, Sceloporus torquatus; northern alligator lizard, Barisia ciliaris;mountain horned lizard, Phrynosoma orbiculare; Nuevo León graceful brown snake, Rhadinaea montana; Texas patch-nosed snake, Salvadora grahamiae lineata; Mexican yellow-bellied brown snake, Storeria hidalgoensis; Mexican highland garter snake, Thamnophis pulchrilatus; Tamaulipan rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus morulus; Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake, C. molossus nigrescens, and eastern twin-spotted rattlesnake, C. pricei miquihuanus." - TEL]
Mata-Silva, V., S. Dilks, and J.E. Johnson. 2010. Natural history notes: Crotalus lepidus (rock rattlesnake). Diet. Herpetol. Rev. 41(2):235-236. [Reports an adult male C. l. lepidus (625mm TTL) consuming an adult Hypsiglena jani at the Indio Mountains Research Station, Hudspeth County, Texas. - TEL]
Mata-Silva, V., Johnson, J.D., and A. Rocha. 2011. Crotalus lepidus: Feeding behavior. Herpetol. Rev. 42(3): 439. [Vicente Mata-Silva, Jerry D. Johnson, and Arturo Rocha of the University of Texas at El Paso were following a radio-transmitter-equipped adult male Mottled Rock Rattlesnake (Crotalus l. lepidus) at the university's Indio Mountain Research Station in Hudspeth County, Texas when they found the snake near a dying Greater Earless Lizard (Cophosaurus texanus). That the lizard had been struck and envenomated was surmised from two bloody puncture wounds on its dorsal surface. Shortly thereafter the snake began what was described as "frenzied" tongue-flicking searching behavior. Locating the lizard, the snake grasped it by the head, dragged it beneath a nearby bush, and commenced the swallowing process. - TEL]
Marr, J.C. 1944. Notes on amphibians and reptiles from the central United States. Am. Midl. Nat. 32(2): 478-490.
[Lists one specimen collected in Jeff Davis County, Texas (no additional locality information) on 5 May 1942, which was not preserved, but which contained two lizards, one of which was a Sceloporus poinsettii. - TEL]
Martin, P.S. 1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gomez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Miscellaneous publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (101): 1-102 + 7 plates
Mather, C.M., and J.R. Dixon. 1976. Geographic records of some Texas amphibians and reptiles. Herpetol. Rev. 7(3): 127. [Bandera County record. TCWC 49228. However, the locality listed for this number, retrieved through HerpNet, specifies a Uvalde County locality, 8.0 mi S Sabinal, collected on 28 October 1971, collector not listed. Additionally, when a search specifically for Bandera County records is conducted on HerpNet, a record for two specimens (LSU 79904-5) collected 10.4 mi W Vanderpool on "TX 337" (= RR 337), on 2 November 1968, again with collector not listed. Also, I personally collected two specimens W of Tarpley in 1966 - TEL]
Maxwell, T.C. 2013. Wildlife of the Concho Valley. College Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press. 292 pp.
[Marginal in distribution to the Concho Valley; recorded from only two counties: Crockett and Schleicher. Provides little new information. - TEL]
McAllister, C.T., C.R. Bursey, and J.F. Roberts. 2004. Physocephalus sexalatus (Nematoda: Spiruida: Spirocercidae) in three species of rattlesnakes, Crotalus atrox, Crotalus lepidus, and Crotalus scutulatus, from southwestern Texas. J. Herpetol. Med. Surg. 14:10-12.
Mecham, J. S. 1979. The biogeographical relationships of the amphibians and reptiles of the Guadalupe Mountains. Nat. Park Serv. Trans. Proc. Ser. 4: 169-79.
Milstead, W.W. 1953. Ecological distribution of the lizards of the La Mota Mountain region of Trans-Pecos. Tex. J. Sci. 5(4): 403-415.
_______ . 1960a. Supplementary notes on the herpetofauna of the Stockton Plateau. Tex. J. Sci. 12(3): 228-231.
Milstead, W.W., J.S. Meacham, and H. McClintock. 1950. The amphibians and reptiles of the Stockton Plateau in northern Terrell County, Texas. Tex. J. Sci. 2(4): 543-562.
Minton, S.A. 1955. Some health problems for the medical zoologist in the Big Bend country. Ind. Univ. Med. Ctr. Q. Bull. (October): 81-84.
_______ . 1959. Observations on amphibians and reptiles of the Big Bend region of Texas. Southwest. Nat. 3: 28-54. ["These snakes were obtained near rock slides and ledges coiled in the open in daylight. All were found on overcast days or after rain. They seem less nocturnal than other local rattlesnakes. A very small one, 183 mm. in total length and apparently only a few days old, was collected August 4. One taken near Fort Davis and sent to the Lincoln Park Zoo gave birth to 3 young on August 23." They are described as "Characteristic of rocky areas 4700 to 7500 feet elevation." - TEL]
Mitchell, J.D. 1903. The poisonous snakes of Texas, with notes on their habits. Trans. Tex. Acad. Sci. 5(2): 19-48.
Morafka, D.J. 1977. A biogeographical analysis of the Chihuahuan desert through its herpetofauna. Biogeographica 9: 1-313.
Murray, L.T. 1939. Annotated list of amphibians and reptiles from the Chisos Mountains. Contrib. Baylor Univ. Mus. 24: 4-16.
Olson, R.E. 1967. Peripheral range extensions and some new records of Texas amphibians and reptiles. Tex J. Sci. 19(1): 99-106. Errata: 329.
Owen, J. G. 1989. Patterns of herpetofaunal species richness: Relation to temperature, precipitation, and variance in elevation. J. Biogeogr. 16: 141-50.
Owen, J. G., and J. R. Dixon. 1989. An ecogeographic analysis of the herpetofauna of Texas. Southwest. Nat. 34(2): 165-80.
Platt, S. G. and T.R. Rainwater. 2009. An elevation record for Crotalus lepidus lepidus (Kennicott, 1861) in the Davis Mountains of west Texas. Jour. Kans. Herpetol. 30: 12. [Authors found an adult C. lepidus at the summit of Blue Mountain, a prominent peak 13 Km W of Fort Davis. The elevation was 2220 meters (=7286 ft), exceeding a previous report from the Davis Mtns. of 2073 m on Mt. Locke. Notes that this species has been found as high as 2600 m in the Guadalupe Mtns., however - TEL]
Price, A.H. 1998. Poisonous snakes of Texas. Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Press.
Price, M.S. 2010. A guide to the rock rattlesnakes of the united states. Eco Herpetological Publishing, Rodeo, New Mexico, 160 pp. [See my online review of this booklet HERE - TEL]
Quinn, H.R. 1981. Life history notes. Crotalus lepidus lepidus. Herpetol. Rev. 12(3): 79-80. ["In September or October, 1975, a male C. I. lepidus was collected 38.6 km north of Comstock in Val Verde Co., Texas. The body of the specimen is light gray and patternless dorsally, and cream-colored ventrally (Fig. 1). Small flecks of gray pigment occur randomly on the ventral scales. Its tail is cream-colored, except that the distal 1/3 of the ventral surface is rust-colored. Scale counts fall within the range for C. I. lepidus. Snout-vent length in November 1979 was 56.4 cm, and the animal appears to have grown little since collection." - TEL]
Rael, E.D., J.D. Johnson, O. Molena, and H.K. McCrystal. 1992. Distribution of a Mojave toxin-like protein in rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus) venom. In Biology of the Pitvipers, ed. J.A. Campbell and E.D. Brodie Jr., 163-169. Tyler, TX: Selva.
Raun, G.G. 1965b. A Guide to Texas Snakes. Tex. Mem. Mus. Notes 9.
______. 1966b. A population of woodrats (Neotoma micropus) in southern Texas. Bull. Tex. Mem. Mus. 11
Raun, G.G. and F.R. Gehlbach. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles in Texas. Dallas Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 2: 1-61. [Lists 56 citations; provides a county map without Bandera, Kerr, or Kimble records, but which does include Maverick Co.; no comments in the taxonomic synopsis section - TEL]
Russell, F.E. 1980. Snake venom poisoning in the United States. Annu. Rev. Med. 31:247-259.
Schmidt, K.P. 1953. A checklist of North American amphibians and reptiles. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
_________. and D.D. Davis. 1941. Field book of snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
_________. and T.F. Smith. 1944. Amphibians and reptiles of the Big Bend region of Texas. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 29:75-96. ["Six specimens from higher levels in the Basin and from rock slides at the west base of the peak of Mount Emory." - TEL]
________. and D.W. Owens. 1944. Amphibians and reptiles of northern Coahuila, Mexico. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 29:97-115. ["Two snake specimens of this rattlesnake were collected in the Sierra de La Gloria, near Monclova, August 5, 1939. They agree closely, with dorsal scales 23-23-17, ventrals 168 and 165, and caudals 29 and 23. The larger specimen measures 700 mm., tail 59. These specimens are topotypes of Crotalus palmeri Garman." - TEL]
Schuett, G.W. 1992. Is long-term storage an important component of the reproductive biology of temperate pitvipers. In Biology of the Pitvipers, ed. J.A. Campbell and E.D. Brodie Jr., 169-184. Tyler, TX: Selva.
Schwartz, A. and W.A. Babis. 1949. Extension of the range of Crotalus lepidus klauberi. Copeia 1949: 74.
Seifert, W., F. Rainwater and T. Kasper. 1973. Significant range extension with field and lab notes for the reticulated gecko, Coleonyx reticulatus Davis and Dixon. Southwest. Nat. 18:101-103.
Smith, H. M., and H. K. Buechner. 1947. The influence of the Balcones Escarpment on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in Texas. Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci. 8(1): 1-16.
Smith, H.M. and E.H. Taylor. 1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 187:1-239.
________. 1950a. Type localities of Mexican reptiles and amphibians. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 33:313-379.
Stebbins, R. C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of western North America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
____________. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Stejneger, L. 1895. The poisonous snakes of North America. Ann. Rept. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1895:337-487.
__________. 1902. The reptiles of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 25: 149-158. [(Klauberi): "Two specimens from Fort Huachuca have been sent in by Dr. Wilcox (Nos. 19672, 21100),one without head. This rare snake seems to be not uncommon in this region, as four specimens were collected by Mr. Price near Fort Lowell and in the Huachuca Mountains." - TEL]
Strasser, M.A. 1931. An encounter between a collared lizard and a rattlesnake. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Am. 5:41
Strecker, J.K. 1928e. Common English and folk names for Texas amphibians and reptiles. Contr. Baylor Univ. Mus. 16:1-21.
Tanner, Wilmer W., James R. Dixon and Herbert S. Harris 1972. A new subspecies of Crotalus lepidus from western Mexico. Great Basin Naturalist 32 (1):16-24
Taylor, E.H. 1944. Two new species of Crotalid snakes from Mexico. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 30 (4): 47-56 [Description of "Crotalus semicornutus" from Mojarachic, Chihuahua, as a full species in typical Taylor fashion, even though it was obviously within the lepidus group. Relegated to the synonymy of C. l. klauberi by Klauber (1952) - TEL]
Tennant, A. 1984. The snakes of Texas. Austin Texas
Tennant, A. 1985. A field guide to Texas snakes. Austin: Texas Monthly Press.
Tennant, A. 1998. A field guide to Texas snakes. 2nd edition. Houston: Gulf Publishing.
Tennant, A. & Bartlett, R.D. 2000. Snakes of North America - Eastern and Central Regions. Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 588 pp.
Turner, D.S., Holm, P.A., Wirt, E.B. and C.R. Schwalbe. 2003. Amphibians and reptiles of the Whetstone Mountains, Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 48(3):347-355. [Documents the presence of C. l. klauberi in the Whetstone Mountains near the purported northern boundary of the Madrean biogeographic zone. Most of their observations were from the "riparian forest" biotope during the springtime, but a few specimens were seen during spring and summer in the "Madrean woodland" zone, and in the summer in the "semidesert grassland" zone. Crotalus willardi was discovered here in 1991, and although this study made an intensive search for C. pricei on the highest peak of the range (Apache Peak) none were found. - TEL]
Van Denburgh, J. 1922a. The reptiles of western North America. Vol. II, Snakes and turtles. Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 10:617-1028.
Van Devender, T.R., C.H. Lowe, H.K. McCrystal and H.E. Lawler. 1992. Viewpoint: Reconsider suggested systematic arrangements for some North American amphibians and reptiles. Herpetol. Rev. 23:10-14.
Vermersch, T.G. and R.E. Kuntz. 1986. Snakes of South Central Texas . Eakin Press, Austin , Texas
Vincent, J.W. 1982a. Phenotypic variation in Crotalus lepidus lepidus (Kennicott). J. Herpetol. 16:189-191.
Vincent, J.W. 1982a. Phenotypic variation in Crotalus lepidus lepidus (Kennicott). J. Herpetol. 16:189-191.
___________. 1982b. Color pattern variation in Crotalus lepidus lepidus (Viperidae) in southwestern Texas. Southwest. Nat. 27:263-272.
Ward, R., E.G. Zimmerman and T.L. King. 1990. Multivariate analyses of terrestrial reptile distribution in Texas: An alternate view. Southwest. Nat. 35:441-445.
Wauer, R.H. 1980. Naturalist's Big Bend. An introduction to the trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cacti, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, fish and insects. College Station: TexasA&M University Press.
Werler, J.E. 1951. Miscellaneous Notes on the Eggs and Young of Texan and Mexican Reptiles. Zoologica 36 (1): 37-48 + plates 1-17. [Notes that a 512 mm TTL female from 13 miles south of Sheffield, Terrell County, Texas gave birth to three young (210-229 mm TTL, avg. = 217.6 mm) on 21 July 1950. The young were described as more vividly colored than the exceptionally light female and are recorded as having fed on Sceloporus olivaceus, small Anolis carolinensis, and new-born mice. A photo of the female and three young is included - TEL]
__________. 1957. The poisonous snakes of Texas and the first aid treatment of their bites. Bull. Tex. Game Fish Comm. 31.
__________. 1964. The poisonous snakes of Texas and the first aid treatment of their bites. Bull. Tex. Parks Wildlife Dept. 31 (rev.).
__________. and J.R. Dixon. 2000. Texas Snakes. Identification, distribution, and natural history. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Werner, F. 1922. Synopsis der schlangenfamilien der Amblycephaliden und Viperiden. Arch. Naturg. 88:185-244.
Williamson, M.A., Hyder, P.W., and J. S. Applegarth. 1994. Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Frogs, Toads & Salamanders of New Mexico: A Field Guide. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 176 pp. [As Crotalus lepidus, without noting subspecies, provides color photo of a cleanly-banded klauberi, noted that it is "protected" in Eddy County, asserts that isolated populations are vulnerable to over collecting - TEL]
Worthington, R.D. 1976. Herpetofauna of the Franklin Mountains, El Paso County, Texas. In El Paso Geological Society symposium on the Franklin Mountains, ed. D.V. Lemone and E.M.P. Lovejoy, 205-212. El Paso:
El Paso Geological Society Quinn Memorial Volume. ["The Franklin Mountains exhibit two broad habitat types. The steep areas of sedimentary rocks (dominantly limestone) and igneous rocks constituting the main mountain mass comprise the roughlands. Variations in slope, altitude, drainage, and substrate make the roughlands a very complex unit. . . .
"The roughlands habitat of the Franklin Mountains contains species not found in the bolson or Rio Grande flood plain habitats. These include:Bufo punctatus, Cnemidophorus uniparens, Urosaurus ornatus, Masticophis taeniatus, Trimorphodon biscutatus, Elaphe subocularis, Crotalus lepidus, and Crotalus molossus." - TEL]
Wright, A. H., and A. A. Wright. 1952. List of the snakes of the United States and Canada by states and provinces. Am. Midl. Nat. 48(3): 574-603.
Wright, A. H., and A. A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, N. Y.: Comstock Publishing Co.
Wüster, W. and R.S. Bérnils. 2011. On the generic classification of the rattlesnakes, with special reference to the Neotropical Crotalus durissus complex (Squamata: Viperidae). ZOOLOGIA 28 (4): 417–419
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